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ISSN : 1226-7155(Print)
ISSN : 2287-6618(Online)
International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.46 No.1 pp.23-29
DOI : https://doi.org/10.11620/IJOB.2021.46.1.23

Apoptotic activity of demethoxycurcumin in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells

Kyeong-Rok Kang1, Jae-Sung Kim1, Tae-Hyeon Kim1, Jeong-Yeon Seo1,2, Jong-Hyun Park1, Hong Sung Chun2, Sun-Kyoung Yu1, Heung-Joong Kim1, Chun Sung Kim1, Do Kyung Kim1*
1The Institute of Dental Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
2Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
*Correspondence to: Do Kyung Kim, E-mail: kdk@chosun.ac.kr
January 21, 2021 March 4, 2021 March 4, 2021

Abstract


Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), which is a curcuminoid found in turmeric, has anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. However, the effect of DMC on osteosarcoma has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of DMC on cell growth and apoptosis induction in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. This study was investigated using 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromid assay, Live/Dead cell assay, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and immunoblotting in MG-63 cells. DMC induced MG-63 cell death in a dosedependent manner, with an estimated IC50 value of 54.4 μM. DMC treatment resulted in nuclear condensation in MG-63 cells. DMC-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting results showed that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were downregulated, while Bax and Bad were upregulated by DMC in MG-63 cells. These results indicated that DMC inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells via the death receptormediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway.


Demethoxycurcumin , Cell death , Apoptosis , Anticancer effect

초록

    © The Korean Academy of Oral Biology. All rights reserved.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Introduction

    Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors arising from mesenchymal stem cells, and occurs mainly in late childhood and early adolescence [1]. Chemotherapy treating patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma has dramatically improved 5-year survival rates from ＜ 20 to 60–70% [2,3]. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma is the most important steps in the treatment process [4]. A new treatment strategy is highly desirable to increase the survival rate of osteosarcoma patients [4].

    Most anticancer drugs act as chemotherapy agents for cancer by causing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation [5-7]. Therefore, apoptosis of cancer cells due to the use of these anticancer drugs has become an important indicator of cancer treatment results [8,9]. Apoptosis can occur in cancer through a death receptor-dependent extrinsic pathway or mitochondria-dependent intrinsic pathway that can be induced by chemotherapy treatment [10,11].

    Demethoxycurcumin ((E,E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- 7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, DMC, Fig. 1) is a curcuminoid found in turmeric and is called curcumin II or desmethoxycurcumin [12]. Curcuminoids are linear diarylheptanoids with molecules such as curcumin, or curcumin derivatives with different chemical groups that increase the solubility of curcumin and make it suitable for drug formulations [13,14]. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, but is easily degraded in vitro and in vivo [15-17]. DMC is a derivative of curcumin that does not have a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring, and has similar biological properties to curcumin, but is more chemically stable [17,18]. It is known to show anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells including prostate cancer, kidney cancer, and breast cancer [17-21]. However, DMC effects on osteosarcoma cells are not clearly established.

    In this study, therefore, the effect of DMC on cell growth and the mechanism of cell death elicited by DMC were examined in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Our results showed that DMC can inhibit cell viability and induce apoptosis in a dosedependent manner in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells.

    Materials and Methods

    1. Materials

    DMC (Fig. 1), 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, anti-Fas, anticleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bcl-xL, anti-Bax, anti-Bad, and anti-β-actin antibodies were supplied by Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). The Live/Dead cell viability assay kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA).

    2. Cell line and cell cultures

    The MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). The MG-63 cells were grown in Eagle’s minimum essential medium (ATCC) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

    3. Cell viability test (MTT assay)

    The MG-63 cells were seeded at a concentration of 5 × 103 cells/well in 24-well plates. After 24 hours growth, the cells were treated with DMC at various concentrations for 24 hours. The cell viability test was evaluated using the MTT assay. At least 4 separate experiments were performed on each concentration combination. The IC50 value was estimated using a fitted line after plotting x-y and fitting the data with a straight line (linear regression). The formula is as follows: y = a × x + b, IC50 = (0.5 – b)/a, (a; slope, b; intercept).

    4. Live/Dead cell assay

    The MG-63 cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were cultured in an 8-well chamber slide, and allowed to attach to the bottom of the chamber slide overnight. Thereafter, the cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours at 37℃ and stained using the Live/Dead cell viability assay kit. The cells were imaged using a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse TE2000; Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY, USA). The Live/Dead cell viability assay kit uses green calcein AM to stain the live cells (green fluorescence) and ethidium homodimer‑1 to stain the dead cells (red fluorescence).

    5. DAPI staining

    The MG-63 cells were cultured in 24-well plates at a seeding density of 5 × 103 cells/well. After 24 hours growth, the cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours. DAPI staining was done according to the previously described method [7]. The stained cells examined by fluorescent inverted microscopy (Eclipse TE2000).

    6. Immunoblotting

    The MG-63 cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours. Immunoblotting was done according to the previously described method with minor modifications [22]. The anti-cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, anti-Fas, anticleaved PARP, anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bcl-xL, anti-Bax, anti-Bad, or anti-β-actin antibody was used as the primary antibody.

    7. Data analysis

    All experiments were performed at least 4 times. The re- sults were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. The statistical significance was analyzed by using Student’s ttest for two groups and one way analysis of variance for multigroup comparisons. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A p-value ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

    Results

    1. Cytotoxic effect of DMC in MG-63 cells

    To analyze the effect of DMC on the viabilities of MG-63 cells, the cells were treated with DMC at various concentrations for 24 hours. Treatment with 25–200 μM DMC decreased the viability of MG-63 cells compared with the control in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2). The IC50 value of DMC on the MG-63 cell viability was approximately 54.4 μM. This result suggests that DMC induces MG-63 cell death in a dosedependent manner. Hence, in subsequent experiments were conducted at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 μM, which are less than IC50.

    2. Induction of apoptosis by DMC in MG-63 cells

    To confirm the viabilities of MG-63 cells with DMC, a Live/ Dead cell assay was performed. The MG-63 cells exposed to DMC emitted red fluorescence in a dose-dependent manner following staining with ethidium homodimer-1, which stains dead cells (Fig. 3A).

    To determine whether DMC-induced MG-63 cell death is due to apoptosis, DAPI staining was performed to detect nuclear condensation, a typical feature of apoptosis. The number of MG-63 cells with condensed nuclei increased upon exposure to DMC in a dose-dependent manner, which are the characteristics of apoptosis (Fig. 3B). These results indicate that DMC induces apoptotic cell death in MG-63 cells.

    3. Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways induced by DMC in MG-63 cells

    To determine the cellular apoptotic pathways associated with DMC-induced MG-63 cell death, immunoblotting was performed. Fas, which is an apoptotic ligand that triggers the death receptor-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cancer cells [23,24], was induced significantly by DMC in MG- 63 cells (Fig. 4A). As shown in Fig. 4A, the level of cleaved caspase-8, the downstream target of pro-apoptotic factor Fas, increased following DMC treatment.

    The expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, anti-apoptotic factors associated with the intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, were downregulated by DMC in MG-63 cells, while those of mitochondria-dependent pro-apoptotic factors such as Bax and Bad were upregulated by DMC in MG- 63 cells (Fig. 4B). And, DMC treatment increased the expression level of cleaved caspase-9 in MG-63 cells (Fig. 4B).

    Both cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-9, acting in the extrinsic death receptor-mediated and intrinsic mitochondriadependent apoptosis pathways, induced the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP in MG-63 cells following DMC treatment (Fig. 4C).

    Discussion

    DMC, which is found in turmeric, has similar biological properties to curcumin, and is widely used in anticancer activity studies because of its greater chemical stability than curcumin [12,17-21]. In the present study, the cytotoxic activity and apoptotic activity of DMC were examined in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. The results of this study indicated that anti-proliferative activity of DMC against osteosarcoma cells was due to its ability to induce cell apoptosis.

    In our cell viability test (Fig. 2) and Live/Dead cell assay (Fig. 3), DMC inhibited growth of MG-63 cells in a concentrationdependent manner. These results speculated that the DMC has cytotoxicity for osteosarcoma cells and potential value for anti-cancer drug discovery.

    In this study, we examined the nuclear morphological changes with DAPI staining to confirm whether apoptosis is involved in the inhibition of MG-63 cell growth by DMC. The DMC induced the formation of nuclear condensation in MG-63 cells (Fig. 3), suggesting apoptotic cell death by DMC. Caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9 can act as effector caspases of apoptotic cell death in eukaryotic cells [25-27]. In this study, the immunoblotting results show that low levels of cleaved capase-3, -8, and -9 were present in DMC-untreated MG-63 cells, and the amount of cleaved enzymes was increased after DMC treatment in MG-63 cells (Fig. 4). These results suggested that DMC induce apoptotic cell death by the activation of caspases- 3/-7/-8/-9 in MG-63 cells.

    Fas, an important regulator of apoptosis, binds to the receptor FasR across the surface of the target cell, and then initiates the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through activation of caspase-8, -3, and PARP [23,24]. In our study, the amount of Fas protein was significantly increased by DMC in MG-63 cells (Fig. 4). In succession, the Fas stimulated by DMC triggered caspase cascade, which results in the activation of apoptotic factors including cleaved caspase-8 and -3 (Fig. 4). Finally, activated caspase-3 by DMC cleaved the major substrate, PARP, leading to apoptosis in MG-63 cells (Fig. 4) [23,24]. These results indicate that DMC-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells is mediated by the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through the Fas/PARP axis.

    To the next, we examined the effect of DMC on the expressions of Bax, Bad, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL proteins in MG-63 cells. Pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bad, and antiapoptotic mitochondrial proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are important regulators of cytochrome c release in mitochondria [27-29]. In our study, DMC treatment increased the levels of Bax and Bad protein expressions, but decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expressions in MG-63 cells (Fig. 4). Changes in the levels of these anti- and pro-apoptotic factors associated with the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic pathway subsequently induced the activation cascade of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP in MG-63 cells treated with DMC (Fig. 4). These results indicate that DMC induces apoptosis in MG- 63 cells involving the death receptor- and mitochondrial-signal transduction pathways.

    In conclusion, these results suggest that DMC inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells through both the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Fig. 5). Additionally, our present findings suggest that DMC may provide a strategy to treat osteosarcoma.

    Acknowledgements

    This study was supported by research fund from Chosun University (2020).

    Figure

    IJOB-46-1-23_F1.gif

    Chemical structure of demethoxycurcumin.

    IJOB-46-1-23_F2.gif

    Effects of demethoxycurcumin (DMC) on cell viability in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. The MG-63 cells were treated with various concentrations of DMC or without DMC for 24 hours. The cell viabilities were determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. The percentage of cell viability was calculated as a ratio of A570nms of DMC treated cells and untreated control cells. Each data point represents the mean ± standard error of the mean of four experiments.

    **p < 0.01 vs. control and ***p < 0.001 vs. control (the control cells measured in the absence of DMC).

    IJOB-46-1-23_F3.gif

    Induction of cell apoptosis by demethoxycurcumin (DMC). (A) MG-63 cell death by DMC. The cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours. DMC induced the death of MG-63 cells in the dose-dependent manner. Cells emitting green fluorescence are live cells stained by green calcein AM, whereas cells emitting red fluorescence are dead cells stained by ethidium homodimer-1. (B) Changes in nuclear morphology by DMC. The cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining revealed that the number of MG-63 cells with nuclear condensation was increased by DMC.

    IJOB-46-1-23_F4.gif

    Intrinsic mitochondria-dependent and extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways induced by demethoxycurcumin (DMC) in MG-63 cells. The MG-63 cells were treated with 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM DMC for 24 hours. The cell lysate was prepared and analyzed by immunoblotting as described in “Materials and Methods”. (A) Extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway induced by DMC. DMC upregulated the expression level of the death receptor ligand Fas and subsequently activated the extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway through the cleavage of caspase-8 in MG-63 cells. (B) Intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway induced by DMC. DMC downregulated anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL associated with the intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and upregulated the mitochondria-dependent pro-apoptotic factors Bax and Bad in MG-63 cells. (C) Extrinsic death receptor-mediated and intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptosis signaling pathways via the activation of caspase-3/-7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) induced by DMC. Cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-9 induced the activation of caspase-3 and PARP in MG-63 cells treated with DMC.

    IJOB-46-1-23_F5.gif

    Apoptotic signaling pathway induced by demethoxycurcumin in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells.

    PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase.

    Table

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